什么是短语动词?

短语动词是由动词与介词或副词或这两者结合而成的短语。这样的组合短语所表示的含义不同于短语中每个词的单独含义。在一个句子中，短语动词的含义是由整个短语来决定的，而不只是由短语中的那个动词来表达的。另外，需要注意的是，许多短语动词可能具有不止一个含义。

内容提要

1.如何构造短语动词
2.何时使用短语动词
3.用学术性动词代替短语动词
4.在句子中分隔短语动词
5.常见短语动词列表

如何构造短语动词

短语动词由一个基本动词（例如get）和一个副词（例如along）或/和一个介词（例如with）组成，作为一个独立完整的整套用法来描述特定动作所指的含义。短语动词有以下三种形式：动词+介词，动词+副词，动词+副词+介词。

动词与介词的组合

许多短语动词是通过在动词后面添加介词而形成的。介词在每个短语动词中的作用或含义并不相同。

Example: Use up: to exhaust, to use entirely
The guest used up all the water.

Example: Make up: to reconcile
She made up with her parents.

动词与副词的组合

短语动词也可以通过在动词后面添加副词而形成。

Example: Take after: to resemble, to look like
She takes after her mother.

Example: Turn off: to shut off, to stop
She turned off the lights.

动词、副词和介词的组合

最后，有些短语动词是由动词、副词和介词组成的。需要注意的是，这类短语动词中的副词或介词通常不能与动词隔开，必须紧跟。

Example: Get away with: to escape punishment
Don't think about getting away with this.

Example: Sneak up on: to surprise from behind
The cat snuck up on the mouse before pouncing.

何时使用短语动词

短语动词在英语口语或日常书面语中经常用到。然而，在学术写作中，不建议使用短语动词。作者应当考虑使用含义相同并更具“学术性”即更为正式的单个动词来代替短语动词。

用学术性动词代替短语动词

然而，即使是在学术写作中，有时也可能需要使用短语动词。这时，需要确保短语动词不能太不正式。

短语动词: This paper looks at the effect of Drug Y on patients.

学术性动词: This paper examines the effect of Drug Y on patients.

短语动词: The research found out that Drug Y had no effect on the patients.

学术性动词: The research discovered that Drug Y has no effect on the patients.

以下短语动词经常出现在学术写作中 : carry out, consist of, and subject to.

在句子中分隔短语动词

有些短语动词允许介词或副词与动词分隔开，而有些则不允许。短语动词可以分为以下两类：可分隔的短语动词，不可分隔的短语动词。

可分隔的短语动词

可分隔的短语动词是指动词与介词（或副词）可以分隔的短语动词。在这类短语动词中，介词或副词既可以直接紧跟动词，也可以放在宾语后面。

短语动词的不分隔用法: The student gave back the book.

短语动词的分隔用法: The student gave the book back to her.

短语动词的不分隔用法: Don’t forget to hand in your assignment.

短语动词的分隔用法: Don’t forget to hand your assignment in.

需要注意的是，当宾语是代词时，介词或副词必须放在代词后面。

Correct: The boy might set off the alarm.
He might set it off.

Incorrect: The boy might set off it.

不可分隔的短语动词

不可分隔的短语动词是指动词与介词或副词不能分隔的短语动词，即介词或副词必须紧跟在动词后面。

Correct: The thieves broke into the house last night.

Incorrect: The thieves broke the house into last night.

Correct: Please go over the materials before the lecture.

Incorrect: Please go the materials over before the lecture.

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常见短语动词列表

短语动词	含义	句中示例	可分隔或不可分隔
Back down	放弃；让步	It’s too late for them to back down now.	不可分隔
Back off	后退；软化；减轻；卸下	The attackers finally backed off and left the victim alone.	不可分隔
Back up	支持，援助；（资料）备份；倒退；裱；堵车	I need you to back me up.	可分隔
Call back	回电；收回	Can she call you back in an hour?	可分隔
Call for	要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊；前往接某人	This situation calls for immediate action.	不可分隔
Call in	打电话；召集；召来	Employees should call in when they are sick.	可分隔
Call off	取消；依次叫名；叫走	Since it’s raining outside, we should call off the game.	可分隔
Deal with	处理；涉及；做生意	She will deal with this problem herself.	不可分隔
Dig into	钻研；掘进去	The researchers hope to dig into this issue soon.	不可分隔
Draw back	撤退；拉开；收回；退却；使保持距离	The military can’t draw backthe troops now.	不可分隔
Drop by	顺便拜访	We will drop by your place on the way to the office.	不可分隔
Drop off	送人；送东西；减少；让…下车；睡着	I have to drop my sister off at school.	可分隔
End up	最终到达某个状态、某地或达成某个行动；结束	She ended up in the hospital after the accident.	不可分隔
Fall apart	崩溃；土崩瓦解；破碎	The business deal fell apart.	不可分隔
Fall behind	落在后面；拖欠	Why are you falling behind in school?	不可分隔
Fall out	脱落；发生；争吵；离队	He opened his bag and some money fell out.	不可分隔
Fall through	落空；失败	Unfortunately, the planfell through.	不可分隔
Figure out	解决；算出；想出；理解；断定	Please give me a few minutes to figure this out.	可分隔
Fill in for	代替，替换别人的位置	Can you fill in for me today at work?	不可分隔
Fit in with	适应；符合；与…一致	This structure doesn’t seem to fit in with its surroundings.	不可分隔
Focus on	集中于，专注于	You should focus on one problem at a time.	不可分隔
Frown upon	不赞成	Bad behavior in public places is very much frowned upon.	不可分隔
Get along with	与…和睦相处；取得进展	It would be nice if you could get along with your brother.	不可分隔
Get away	离开；逃脱；出发	She got away from the thief.	可分隔
Get down to	开始处理；着手处理	Let’s get down to business right away.	不可分隔
Get off	下车，下飞机；动身；免于受罚；脱下	I will be getting off at this stop.	可分隔
Get out of	走出一个地方；逃避；避免；戒掉（某个习惯）；从…退出	He tried to get out of doing homework.	可分隔
Get over	克服	He got over the breakup rather quickly.	不可分隔
Get rid of	摆脱，除去	It’s time to get rid of all the old clothes.	不可分隔
Give in	屈服；让步；交上	She never gives in easily.	不可分隔
Go after	追求，追逐	Do whatever it takes to go after your dream.	不可分隔
Hand in	交上；提交；呈送	Don’t forget to hand in your assignment.	可分隔
Hand out	分发；施舍；把…拿出来	I need help handing these papers out.	可分隔
Hang on to	紧紧抓住；紧握；保留	Hang on to the rope and don’t let go!	不可分隔
Hang out	出去玩；闲逛；挂出	She hangs out with her new friends a lot.	不可分隔
Hang up	挂断电话；搁置，拖延	Please don’t hang up on me.	不可分隔
Head for	前往；出发；取向于	I’m heading for Montana this summer.	不可分隔
Indulge in	沉湎于，沉溺于	She indulged in some expensive wine.	不可分隔
Jot down	草草记下	Can you jot down the number please?	可分隔
Keep up with	跟上；赶得上；和…保持联系	It’s hard to keep up with so much homework.	不可分隔
Leave out	遗漏，省去；不考虑	He left out the answer on purpose.	可分隔
Look ahead	预测未来，计划未来	Look ahead and plan accordingly.	不可分隔
Look through	浏览，温习；看穿，识破；从…中显露	The students looked through the book before the test.	不可分隔
Make up with	与…重修旧好；与…和解	I made up with my sister after our huge fight.	不可分隔
Miss out on	错过机会；错失	Don’t miss out on the chance to get it for free.	不可分隔
Move out	搬出；开始行动	He moved out of the apartment after finding a more suitable place.	不可分隔
Name after	以…命名	She is named after her grandmother.	不可分隔
Pick up	不费力地学会；捡起；获得；收拾；汽车或飞机乘载	It’s hard to pick up on what the professor is saying.	可分隔
Pull through	渡过难关；恢复健康	She managed to pull through the illness.	可分隔
Put up with	忍受；容忍	I can’t put up with your whining anymore.	不可分隔
Set off	出发；引起；动身；使爆炸；抵销；分开	We set off for the trip early in the morning.	可分隔
Show up	出现；露面；露出；揭露	She managed to show up an hour late.	不可分隔
Take apart	拆开；剖析；粗暴对待	Take apart the machine to see what it’s made up of.	可分隔
Take off	起飞；脱下；离开；突然成功	The airplane took off successfully.	可分隔
Think over	仔细考虑；重新考虑	Please think it over before making a final decision.	可分隔
Use up	用完，耗尽	We used up all the gas in the tank.	可分隔
Warm up	热身；再加热变暖	Could you please warm up the milk?	不可分隔
Wear away	磨损；消磨；流逝	The rocks were worn away by the rain.	不可分隔