{"id":450,"date":"2016-10-07T10:43:00","date_gmt":"2016-10-07T02:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.wordvice.cn\/?p=450"},"modified":"2023-09-05T10:01:05","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T02:01:05","slug":"research-writing-tips-methods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordvice.cn\/blog\/research-writing-tips-methods\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5982\u4f55\u5199\u597d\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d? \u56db\u5927\u8986\u76d6\u91cd\u70b9\u65b9\u5411\u4e0e\u8bef\u533a\u5206\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u5b66\u8005\u900f\u8fc7\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u4e0e\u5404\u754c\u5206\u4eab\u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u62d3\u5c55\u4eba\u7c7b\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u65e9\u5148<a href=\"https:\/\/goo.gl\/Je2S2y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d<\/a>\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u671f\u520a\u7f16\u8f91\u5728\u6311\u9009\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u4efd\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u4e0d\u53ea\u5305\u542b\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u5f97\u8be5\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5199\u8fdb\u8bba\u6587\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5229\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u590d\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\u5e76\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\u5fc5\u987b\u5199\u7684\u6e05\u695a\u6613\u61c2\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5fc5\u987b\u89e3\u91ca\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u7684\u548c\u4f60\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u505a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u5e38\u5199\u8bba\u6587\u65f6\u4f1a\u5148\u5199\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u521d\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5199\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u6574\u7ec6\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u56e0\u5e94(1)\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u4f60\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ec6\u90e8\u8c03\u6574\u548c (2) \u4ece\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u8005\u53ca\u540c\u4faa\u8bc4\u5ba1\u90a3\u8fb9\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u662f\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u523b\u8fd8\u6301\u7eed\u5728\u66f4\u6b63\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u8981\u6db5\u76d6\u90a3\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\">\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u8981\u6db5\u76d6\u90a3\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u7b54\u6574\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u8981\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6709\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u64cd\u4f5c\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u3001 \u5982\u4f55\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u6790\u6240\u6709\u524d\u8ff0\u8d44\u6599\u3002 \u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u75285W1H\u6cd5\u5219 (who, what, when, where, why and how)\u6765\u505a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u8bf7\u5168\u9762\u6982\u8ff0\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u4efb\u52a1\u4ee5\u5229\u9700\u8981\u590d\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"\u5982\u4f55\u4ea4\u4ee3\u6211\u7684-\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\">\u5982\u4f55\u4ea4\u4ee3\u6211\u7684\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u671f\u520a\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u533a\u5757\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u683c\u5f0f\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c \u6240\u4ee5\u8bf7\u67e5\u770b\u4f60\u8981\u6295\u7a3f\u671f\u520a\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u987b\u77e5\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u5927\u7ea6\u6db5\u76d6\u4ee5\u4e0b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u67b6\u6784: \u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5e94\u8be5\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4f60\u6253\u7b97\u5982\u4f55\u8fbe\u6210\u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u7b54\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4ed6\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f60\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u67b6\u6784\u5728\u89e3\u51b3\u968f\u673a\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bef\u5dee\u4e0a\u6709\u591a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u548c\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u66f4\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61(selection criteria and methods):\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d44\u6599\u641c\u96c6 (criteria and methods): \u900f\u8fc7\u5217\u51fa\u8d44\u6599\u641c\u96c6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u8f7b\u6613\u5224\u522b\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u6216\u63a7\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u6216\u53d8\u91cf\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u8d56\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d44\u6599\u5206\u6790: \u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u6790\u8d44\u6599\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>TIP: \u5584\u7528\u526f\u6807\u9898! \u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bfb\u8005\u8f7b\u6613\u5206\u8fa8\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u6d41\u7a0b\u8ddf\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c \u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u6309\u7167\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u6216\u6d41\u7a0b\u7c7b\u522b\u6765\u5199\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4f60\u6f84\u6e05\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u7167\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7f16\u6392\uff0c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u56db\u5927\u91cd\u70b9\u6765\u603b\u7ed3\u5728\u8349\u62df\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u6ca1\u6709\u5168\u9762\u6027\u5730\u6db5\u76d6\u5230\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ec5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<h3>\u8003\u91cf\u56e0\u7d20<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<h5>\u7814\u7a76\u67b6\u6784<\/h5>\n<p>(often an introductory paragraph)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<ul>\n<li>What do we currently know about the research topic?<\/li>\n<li>What type of study are you conducting (descriptive, analytical, comparative, interventional, observational, etc.)?<\/li>\n<li>What variables will you use, and which subjects will be exposed to which variables?<\/li>\n<li>How often and when will the data be collected?<\/li>\n<li>How can you control all the factors that might affect prediction models and outcomes?<\/li>\n<li>Do you have to adjust design because of some feasibility issues? If so, what factors?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<h5>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u8c61 (selection criteria and methods)<\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ethical considerations (all animal or human studies must discuss factors like ethics committee approval of research protocol, informed consent of human subjects, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Study setting (time, place, etc.), where applicable.<\/li>\n<li>For living subjects (humans and animals): demographic and clinical conditions, gender, weight, species, age, special characteristics, living conditions, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Any preparations of subjects made before starting experiments.<\/li>\n<li>Sampling method, including target population, sampling frame, instruments used, and any stratification, clustering or weighting.<\/li>\n<li>Recruitment method and its effectiveness, including profiles of any subjects that refused (where applicable).<\/li>\n<li>For comparative studies: group allocation and randomization procedures.<\/li>\n<li>Follow-up procedures for longitudinal studies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<h5>\u8d44\u6599\u641c\u96c6 (criteria and methods)<\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<ul>\n<li>Variables measured (identify only the key predictors and all outcomes of those variables).<\/li>\n<li>Methods and instruments used to collect data (include information such as an instrument\u2019s manufacturer and model, calibration procedures, and other information necessary to allow others to reproduce your experimental results).<\/li>\n<li>Bias controls (e.g., blinding procedures).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<h5>\u8d44\u6599\u5206\u6790<\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"234\">\n<ul>\n<li>Descriptive statistics (e.g., means, medians, standard deviations, etc.).<\/li>\n<li>Inferential methods (include confidence intervals, hypothetical testing methods, and regression models or other modeling procedures used).<\/li>\n<li>Methods used to address confounding observational studies.<\/li>\n<li>Interim analysis methods.<\/li>\n<li>Adjustments made to sampling methods and weighting procedures.<\/li>\n<li>Missing data.<\/li>\n<li>Sample size.<\/li>\n<li>Power determination.<\/li>\n<li>Software used.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<p>\u8003\u91cf\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u60f3\u5728\u5199\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u8349\u7a3f\u65f6\u7684\u51c6\u5219\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"dos-and-don-ts\">Dos and Don\u2019ts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f (\u5185\u5bb9\u90fd\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u505a\u8fc7\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u53bb\u5f0f)\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u8981\u6df7\u5408\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b!\u6d41\u7a0b\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6392\u9664\u5197\u957f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u80cc\u666f\u8d44\u8baf(\u53ea\u5e94\u8be5\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u90e8\u5206)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u53ea\u6db5\u76d6\u91cd\u73b0\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u5c06\u6d41\u7a0b\u5185\u5bb9\u7b80\u5316\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u4f60\u62c5\u5fc3\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u6f0f\u6389\u91cd\u8981\u8d44\u8baf\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u95ee\u95ee\u81ea\u5df1:\u300c\u5982\u679c\u8bfb\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6211\u5220\u9664\u7684\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u91cd\u73b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u8ddf\u6211\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837?\u300d\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u8baf\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5220\u9664\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u63d0\u4f9b\u5355\u4f4d\u7b49\u7b49\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u516c\u5f00\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u8bef\u5dee\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u7533\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u8868\u8fc7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6587\u732e\u6765\u6307\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f60\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u5199\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u5728\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5916\u6240\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6709\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684Tips\uff0c\u5199\u51fa\u4e00\u4efd\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u6587\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u96be\u4e8b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u9700\u8981<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.cn\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u82f1\u6587\u6da6\u8272<\/a>\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.cn\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u82f1\u8bed\u6da6\u8272<\/a>\uff0c\u5c31\u627eWordvice\u3002<br>|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.cn\/blog\/academy-academic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8d44\u6e90\u535a\u5ba2<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/wordvice.cn\/services\/academic-editing\/?utm_source=wordvice-blog&amp;utm_medium=post&amp;utm_campaign=inlink_click\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u6da6\u8272<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a 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